USSR 1991

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"kindness?"

Cole said seriously, "Personally, I very much hope that you, the 'Brünnhilde' who leads the Hall of Valor, can grow up as soon as possible, after all, you still have a very long way to go, the old British fox John Major, President Chirac, the greedy wolf of France, Cobra General Secretary of the Soviet Union, Yanayev, they will all become your most difficult enemies in your political career in the future.”

Merkel's eyes widened. She didn't expect Cole to have such great expectations of herself.

"Perhaps in the future you will have the opportunity to become the Valkyrie leading the German chariot forward."

Cole sighed and said slowly, "This nation has been silent for so long that it has forgotten that it has the blood that leads the unification of the European continent."

Cole turned his shoulders, as if there was a body bound by chains on it, "Germany will not stop moving forward, whether it is the Americans or the Soviet Union, they always think that an agreement can lock our steps. Now the two The former super empire hegemony has fallen, the Soviet Union has lost its glory in the 70s, and the United States is also advancing in the mud of economic difficulties. Whether it is France or the United Kingdom, they are all guys who can't make it."

"As long as the stumbling block of the Soviet Union is removed, Europe will belong to our German-led European Union."

A mighty Germany.

The dream of all right-wing leaders.

The political correctness that Merkel has always adhered to has been shaken for the first time in the grand blueprint drawn by Kohl.

Chapter 495 Agricultural Reform

While the EU was in chaos, Yanayev and Ryzhkov were discussing the second round of agricultural product reform plans. Previously, the use of agricultural cooperation policies to reduce labor costs from outsiders had achieved the expected results.Now Yanayev plans to start agricultural reforms after the economy turns further.Because this agricultural reform must have the economic support of the central government, Yanayev did not start this far-reaching project until the end of 1996.

As the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, the opinion of Ryzhkov, who had served as the Minister of Finance, was particularly important.Moreover, as one of the makers of the reform plan, Ryzhkov has more say in the economy than others, so he was selected by Yanayev to become one of the important chairmen of the Agricultural Reform Committee.

Almost all powerful figures in the Soviet agricultural sector gathered in this meeting.

Yanayev reached out his hand to indicate that Ryzhkov, who was sitting next to him, could start to express his opinions, "After experiencing the turmoil in 1991, the total agricultural GDP of our country began to show a steady growth trend from 1993 to 1996. This partly reflects the effectiveness of the Soviet Union's agricultural reform policy, but generally speaking, the reform has also exposed certain deficiencies after the stable development. For example, there is a large gap in the level of market price support we give to different agricultural products, and the food sector is facing Negative price support has led to a series of problems such as uneven distribution of internal resources. Moreover, higher protection can distort price signals in the international market, and thus easily become the focus and difficulty of international multilateral trade negotiations."

After Ryzhkov finished speaking, Yanayev expressed his views on the overall situation of presiding over the next reform. The Soviet Union became a net food importer in 1975, and food imports surged. In 1970, the net export was 350 million tons. In 1974, the import and export of grain remained the same. In 1975, the import was tens of millions of tons. In 1984, only 2680 million tons of grain were imported from the United States and Canada. In 1986-1988, the food shortage was about 210 billion rubles.And also when food production totaled 1360 billion rubles.In addition to importing a large amount of grain, for example, in 1989, China imported 60 tons of meat, 24 tons of butter, 120 million tons of vegetable oil, 550 million tons of sugar, and 50 tons of citrus.

然后从20世纪80年代初期至中期，苏联经济学家和政治决策领导层都没有对苏联卷入世界经济一体化的后果做出相应评估。因此，1980到1982年间，世界经济出现连续衰退并伴之以石油价格下降时，苏联没有人预见到这一情况将给苏联外贸以及外汇金融系统带来何种灾难性的后果。而经济学家早就发现了苏联计划经济增长速度的衰减从50年代的6%、70年代的4%到80年代的3到3.5%。苏联经济持续20-30年增速递减，甚至增长停滞。

The disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 was composed of distorted industrial development, US strategic policy, deformity of the Soviet Union's own agricultural development and mistakes in the oil strategy.That's why Yanayev cares so much about the agricultural development of the Soviet Union itself, and strives to adjust the agricultural structure to a self-sufficient status that does not depend on foreign imports.

From the beginning of the Soviet Union to the present, the problem of agricultural production has never been solved, and the situation of relying on a large amount of imported food has never changed.Even in 2015, 40.00% of Russia's agricultural products still need to be imported.

"The first is the preferential credit and tax policies: the Soviet Union has always used roughly two-thirds of the budget for producer support to directly support facility input and investment, and most of them are realized in the form of low credit interest rates. The credit preferential situation is reflected in bank loans. The interest rate is a subsidy. And the scope and scale are constantly expanding. Among the initial results, the short-term loans have been expanded to medium and long-term loans, and the beneficiaries have been expanded to cover all producers including rural households and production cooperatives. The preferential loan support method is to The loan is transferred directly to the borrower, and its subsidized interest rate depends on the refinancing rate of the government's financial sector. Tax incentives mainly include the preferential policy of the unified agricultural tax and the preferential policy of value-added tax on agricultural products."

"Agricultural unified tax?" Ryzhkov asked puzzled.

"Yes, there is a unified agricultural tax. I will give a detailed answer to the reform of the agricultural tax later." Yanayev signaled Ryzhkov to be patient, and he will explain the new tax later.

The unified agricultural tax was introduced in Russia in 2003. Agricultural enterprises can choose to adopt the unified agricultural tax or maintain the original tax system.Enterprises adopting the Agricultural Consolidated Tax can enjoy benefits such as exemption from income tax, property tax, social tax bill, value-added tax, etc.

"The limitation of the maximum price and the minimum price, the grain market price intervention policy is used to regulate the agricultural product circulation market, and the domestic agricultural product price is adjusted and stabilized by limiting the minimum and maximum prices and adopting state procurement intervention and state commodity intervention. State intervention When the price of food in the market falls, the government restricts food imports in order to narrow the gap in demand by reducing supply. It also allocates funds from the budget to purchase surplus food in the market. State commodity intervention is when the price of food in the market rises. In order to expand supply, the government restricts grain exports and puts grain reserves on the market to alleviate the shortage of supply. It also establishes corresponding intervention price ranges for different grains.”

"The most important point is the high border protection policy. The Soviet Union is an importer of agricultural products, and implements a high border protection policy through market access, tariffs, and animal and plant quarantine protection. Soviet producers support domestic consumption at prices higher than international prices. Purchase products to achieve transfer payments.”

Yanayev’s agricultural reform policy can be seen as an integrated version of Russian agricultural reform and Chinese market reform. On the one hand, trade barriers are implemented according to their own national conditions, and on the other hand, the “wool” cut from trade barriers is used as support The development of domestic agriculture in order to form the market competitiveness of domestic agricultural products.

I have to say that the last move was indeed vicious.

But this is a policy of safeguards. Trade barriers raise the price of imported goods, and high tariffs are used to subsidize the development of domestic agricultural enterprises. Then, in the face of expensive imported food and cheap domestically produced food, the Soviet people closed their eyes Also make the right choice.The only disadvantage is that the other party may protest and restrict the accession of the Economic Cooperation Organization during future trade negotiations.

"Okay, is there anything else to add?" Yanayev looked around the quiet surroundings and asked unhurriedly.

Chapter 496 No One Can Stop You

Yanayev's long-term dominant political policy has formed a certain trend within the Kremlin. According to previous experience, the line adhered to by General Secretary Yanayev must be correct, even if it is ordered No matter how incredible it sounds.This also led to the emergence of different voices within the CPSU, that is, they worried that Yanayev would eventually become the country's well-deserved leader.

Agricultural reform has always been the most difficult part. Although the Minister of Agriculture of the Soviet Union was replaced after 1992, he also inherited the conservative style of the previous leaders. This cannot be blamed on them, it is entirely because of the "collective farms" at the beginning Relics of schema residue.

"We agree with General Secretary Yanayev's decision and have no opinion." The Minister of Industry did not express any opinions, and fully echoed Yanayev's suggestions, and they are the implementers of Yanayev's policy. In other words, whether the agricultural reform can eventually develop as expected is completely in the hands of these people.

"Me too..." Others also echoed Yanayev's suggestion, but they were also unwilling to say a word.

But in Yanayev's view, the attitude of these people is something worthy of vigilance.

All attempts by the Soviet leadership to improve agricultural efficiency fell short of Stalin's ossified management.Agriculture became the most conservative sector of the Soviet economy, and it was not even allowed to discuss the feasibility of transferring agricultural production to market operating mechanisms.This situation led to the complete collapse of the consumer market for agricultural products in the Soviet Union in 1990-1991 because the government was unwilling and did not intend to implement painful but necessary market reforms in the field of agricultural production.The most obvious ones are Khrushchev's corn planting plan and Gorbachev's political reforms, and there is no leader who has taken the blame at all.

The integration of agricultural products with marketization is almost Yanayev forcing this group of people to start with a knife. The reform has never been smooth sailing. If these people choose to go against the wishes of the central government, Yanayev very much hopes to use Their small actions came to drastically rectify the entire department.

"It is really a difficult problem to ensure that I have absolute rights and worry about the corruption of the bureaucracy." Looking at the committee members with different expressions on the table, Yanayev sighed.He has broken the shackles of the old era, but a group of new vested interests are just around the corner.

Yanayev is keenly aware that within politics, conservatives have also begun to question Yanayev's status.After the death of Stalin in the Soviet Union, based on the fear of strongmen, the high-level government decided that all their decisions should first ensure that there will be no strongmen. This kind of fear from the heart led Yanayev to lead the Red Empire forward. Deep in their hearts The more anxiety can be expressed.Although everyone still obeyed Yanayev's orders, they began to worry about Yanayev's increasingly consolidated power.

Yanayev has always disdained height checks and balances, because the result of this is that the Red Empire can only move forward at a faster or slower speed along the existing track until it hits a boulder and shatters.A certain amount of strength is needed to break the existing pattern of interests, and a high degree of checks and balances means a high degree of incompetence.The current Soviet Union is not the time to stick to the rules, but needs a strong leader to lead the people out of the current predicament.

Anyone who stands in the way of Yanayev will be executed as a Soviet traitor!

"I can't fall down now. I was still the captain of the Soviet warship before seeing Western Europe completely messed up." Yanayev said.

Ryzhkov, who was sitting next to Yanayev, noticed that the leaders of the CPSU were in a bad mood at the beginning of the meeting. After the meeting ended, all the others dispersed. Ryzhkov found Yanayev in private. Want to know what he is planning.

"Eh? Actually, I'm fine, Comrade Ryzhkov." Yanayev said, "Maybe I'm just a little tired."

"Please take care of your health, General Secretary Yanayev." Ryzhkov said worriedly, "After all, you still have to lead this country out of the predicament."

Regarding Ryzhkov's concern, Yanayev nodded, "I know, Comrade Ryzhkov, I just feel bad about certain foods. The agricultural reform plan has been planned for more than a year, but seeing It's disgusting what those guys at the Department of Agriculture are doing, pedantry and inflexibility are the deadliest threats to holding back a branch of government, and seeing them now, it feels like something I was so against is back. Now They are also becoming a roadblock, hindering the progress of reform."

Ryzhkov was taken aback by what Yanayev said, and he subconsciously said, "General Secretary Yanayev..."

"I know what you want to say, Comrade Ryzhkov." Yanayev stood up, and after everyone walked out of the office, he said to Ryzhkov, "What you want to say is, Do we still need to be patient before we finish all this?"

"Reform is a deep-water area, and it cannot be achieved overnight. That's why we revised our policies based on the painful lessons in history to prevent the recurrence of tragedies. But no matter how we guard against it, there is one thing we can't prevent, that is, interests and people's hearts. Back then The beneficiaries of the reform will become new interest groups, and when they become a stumbling block to the arrival of the new era, they will also be kicked away by the subsequent reformers. This is a very realistic thing.”

"But the most important thing now is to ensure this important agricultural reform, and deal with these guys after the final reform is completed. However, if they are unwilling to follow the route we have planned, then even if the agricultural reform Minister of the Ministry, I will make him a prisoner tomorrow. These people better realize that my temper is not good, and there are even some bad tempers. The most difficult thing to tolerate is others doing something behind my back. Small gestures that I despise."

When Yanayev said this, the whole aura became very scary.Only when it stands in the way of his political and economic reforms does he appear determined to remove all stones that stand in his way.It was at this moment that he reminded people of Comrade Stalin who issued the purge order.

"Those who block the reform will be crushed into pieces like a stone blocking the progress of the Soviet! I will continue to implement the great plan to revive the Soviet. No one can stop it, absolutely nothing!"

Chapter 497 Undercurrent Surges Scotland

A high degree of checks and balances is a high degree of incompetence, which is well reflected in the British government.Faced with the growing calls for Scottish independence, the British government had no choice but to restore the Scottish Parliament, which had disappeared for nearly 300 years, but the British central government retained the tradition of being able to abolish the Parliament.This means that the Scottish government will be eligible to submit a referendum bill in accordance with parliamentary tradition.At this time, Salmond, the leader of the Scottish National Party, instigated by the Soviet Union, will announce that the Scottish people are ready to move towards independence, and once the time is right, an independence referendum will be held as soon as possible.

The funding for the activities of the Salmond party mainly comes from the support of the Soviet Union behind it. In order for the Scottish people to move towards independence like Ireland, the KGB has spent a lot of thought.Including Salmond's political propaganda to drive votes and the use of the North Sea oil field as a bargaining chip to put pressure on the central government, and the timing is also extremely subtle. The time for submitting the referendum proposal was pinched at the end of the Brexit referendum. All of this has the shadow of the Soviet Union planning behind it.

So far, everything is going according to Salmond's plan. The next step is to let the Scottish Parliament review the independence referendum bill. After the Scottish Central Committee makes a decision, the referendum procedure will be launched immediately.Salmond also took advantage of the resignation of Prime Minister Major, and before the next leader was selected, he made a bold attempt.After all, in the compromise bill won this year, the British government has the right to dissolve the Scottish Parliament.

For Scotland, if they lose, they can wait for the next opportunity.If you win, you will get a lot of money. With such a good deal, Salmond thinks he can still take a gamble.Even if it is a loss, I don't feel it is a pity. After all, the next prime minister has to solve the mess after Brexit, and has no time to take into account the current situation in Scotland.

The whole of Great Britain has entered a gloomy winter, and the temperate maritime climate has bred such gloomy weather, but in the eyes of the Scots, this cold winter represents light and hope.Because all the independence parties are fighting for the final independence, the ultra-nationalists are even ready to take up their guns against the British army like the Irish people if they are suppressed by the British government after the referendum is successful.

Salmond is preparing the final promotional copy in his office. For him, the dawn is coming, and Salmond will do his best to lead the Scottish people out of the darkness and into the light.The light of Scotland is darkness for England.After losing the support of the North Sea oil fields, whether it is the supply of natural gas or oil, the British government appears to be very passive, especially when Scotland and the Soviet Union are colluding behind the scenes.

In this way, Scotland is equivalent to seizing the handle of the United Kingdom, so the United Kingdom will never let Scotland go out independently.